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Abstract

In this study, we provide for the first time observation of the latitudinal four‐peak structure of F region electron density in the nightside ionosphere. The special configuration of Swarm satellites, Swarm B having the chance to resample the regions of Swarm A/C with successively increasing time differences, provides an unprecedented opportunity to check the evolution of these nightside electron density peaks. Overall, the latitudinal four‐peak structures have very low occurrence rates, only 4% of the Swarm orbits. The two mid‐latitude peaks prefer to appear close to ±40° magnetic latitude, while the two low‐latitude peaks appear within ±20° magnetic latitude. Such latitudinal four‐peak structures can persist throughout the night until sunrise hours. No clear seasonal dependence is found for the two mid‐latitude peaks, while the two low‐latitude peaks are almost symmetric about the magnetic equator during equinoxes but are located at slightly higher latitudes in the summer hemisphere around solstices. The two low‐latitude peaks at late‐night hours are believed not to be remnants of the dusk‐side equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crests, as (a) example shows that Swarm A/C observe the development of shoulders at the flanks of the two EIA crests after sunset hours, and the shoulders become peaks 3 h later when Swarm B resamples the same region; (b) statistic results reveal that the two low‐latitude peaks during post‐midnight hours do not propagate towards the magnetic equator, as expected for EIA crests, but move slowly poleward. We suggest that the enhanced meridional wind at postmidnight hours is one possible driver for causing such latitudinal four‐peak structure of F region electron density. In addition, the simultaneous magnetic measurements from Swarm satellites are also analyzed, but they show no obvious diamagnetic effect that could help to maintain pressure balance within these electron density peaks.