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  Towards analysis ready data of optical CubeSat images: Demonstrating a hierarchical normalization framework at a wetland site

Li, Z., Scheffler, D., Coops, N. C., Leach, N., Sachs, T. (2021): Towards analysis ready data of optical CubeSat images: Demonstrating a hierarchical normalization framework at a wetland site. - International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 103, 102502.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102502

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 Creators:
Li, Zhan1, Author              
Scheffler, D.1, Author              
Coops, Nicholas C.2, Author
Leach, Nicholas2, Author
Sachs, T.1, Author              
Affiliations:
11.4 Remote Sensing, 1.0 Geodesy, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum, ou_146028              
2External Organizations, ou_persistent22              

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Free keywords: Time series analysis; PlanetScope; RapidEye; Landsat; Sentinel-2; MODIS; Co-registration: Radiometric normalization
 Abstract: Optical images of the Earth at very high spatial resolutions (VHR, typically < 5 m) are seeing rapid growth in volumes over the past 5 years, due in part to the fast-expanding constellations of CubeSats. Special preprocessing of these VHR images is required to ensure their geometric and radiometric consistency for quantitative analyses for a wide range of Earth and environmental sciences and applications. Here we describe a hierarchical normalization framework (HiNF) to achieve and evaluate geometric and radiometric normalization of these VHR images towards producing analysis ready data (ARD) of optical CubeSat images. We demonstrated HiNF at a spatially heterogeneous and temporally dynamic wetland site in northeastern Germany by generating a stack of temporally consistent ~ biweekly 5-m images over 8 years (2013–2020) at visible and near infrared bands (VNIR). The HiNF combined images from rigorously calibrated multispectral sensors onboard large satellites (Landsat-7/8 and Sentinel-2) and less well calibrated sensors onboard RapidEye (SmallSats) and PlanetScope (CubeSats). A two-stage radiometric normalization procedure produced two levels of image normalization and resulted in more normalized images that passed the quality control in time series compared to common one-stage procedures. The outcome of this novel procedure allows for downstream applications to balance between the quality and the quantity of available normalized CubeSat images in a time series. The HiNF provides a new approach to quantitative evaluations of radiometric normalizations using daily MODIS imagery as bridging benchmark data. The quantitative evaluations showed the HiNF resulted in greater normalization efficacy in the visible bands than in the NIR over the predominantly wetland area. The two normalization levels yielded statistically similar efficacy for the NIR band and the widely-used normalized difference vegetation index according to the Chow test (at significance level of 0.05) but less so for the visible bands. The HiNF facilitates generating ARD of optical CubeSat images and assuring their qualities through its demonstrated efficacy and its quantitative evaluation approach. Such ARD-quality time series of VHR images from CubeSats allow for improved analyses and quantitative applications of this new stream of multispectral images at spatial scales that are better related to ground measurements and environmental management in terrestrial ecosystems.

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 Dates: 20212021
 Publication Status: Finally published
 Pages: -
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 Rev. Type: -
 Identifiers: DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2021.102502
GFZPOF: p4 T5 Future Landscapes
OATYPE: Hybrid Open Access
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Title: International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
Source Genre: Journal, SCI, Scopus, oa, ab 2020 OA-Journal
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Pages: - Volume / Issue: 103 Sequence Number: 102502 Start / End Page: - Identifier: CoNE: https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/cone/journals/resource/journals08209
Publisher: Elsevier