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Andalusia is located in the south of Spain and has a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and warm, humid winters. This region is subject to Saharan dust intrusions and man-made pollution, inducing complex meteorological feature developments, especially rainfall. Andalusian Global ObseRvatory of the Atmosphere (AGORA) in Granada is a unique ACTRIS facility that includes state-of-the-art active and passive remote sensing and in-situ instruments for monitoring aerosols, clouds and precipitation. In this study, we investigate the interaction of rainfall on the evolution of multiple atmospheric parameters using ground-based microwave radiometer, ceilometer, cloud radar, nephelometer, and weather station. The radiometer identified 684 available rain events over a 10-year period using a physical retrieval method, and composite analysis method was applied to develop a rainfall climatology. It was found that the main rain type in Granada is deep convective rain, mostly caused by convective clouds above 5-6 km. Aerosols are less present after rain as compared to before rain, being removed by rain. Because aerosols are hygroscopic as condensation nuclei and fall with raindrops, the average size of aerosol particles increases before rain and decreases during rain. Rain gauges detected a later onset, or even absence, of rainfall than microwave radiometers. Ceilometer and cloud radar data indicate that such rainfalls are virga. They are explained by the high temperature in the troposphere caused by Andalusia climate and aerosols, which accelerates the evaporation of raindrops in the atmosphere.
