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Abstract:
Groundwater is increasingly prioritizing sustaining agricultural, industrial, and domestic activities in many arid and semiarid regions globally, including India. In recent years, stresses on groundwater resources have been increasing due to economic development and population growth. Therefore, it is essential to monitor groundwater levels and storage in order to assess its potential and long-term sustainability. The capability and demand of Space Geodetic Observation in hydrology and water resources has grown in the past decades. In this study, we examine based on Space Geodetic Observations like Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Global Positing System (GPS), and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) to study deformation due to hydrological loading effects in the Ganga basin India. The Ganga basin is one of the largest agricultural regions in the world and is experiencing groundwater depletion, as GRACE and GRACE-FO satellites observed on a regional scale with limited spatial resolution. Groundwater depletion causes surface deformation due to the over-extraction of groundwater from the aquifer system. However, understanding the relationship between changes in groundwater volumes and ground deformation has proven difficult. In the current study, we used surface displacement measurements from InSAR and terrestrial water storage from GRACE, GRACE-FO, and GPS data, which can provide continuous measurements at station locations to characterize the hydrological dynamics within the Ganga Basin. The deformation derived from InSAR agreed well with in-situ observations of groundwater level data and vertical deformation observed at GPS stations, indicating that the most subsidence occurs in areas with high groundwater demand and dense population.
