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Abstract

Integer Ambiguity Resolution (IAR) can significantly improve the accuracy of GNSS Precise Orbit Determination (POD). Traditionally, the IAR in POD is achieved at the Double Differenced (DD) level. In this contribution, we develop an Un-Differenced (UD) IAR method for Global Positioning System (GPS)+ BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) + Galileo navigation satellite system (Galileo)+ Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) quad-system POD by calibrating UD ambiguities in the raw carrier phase and generating the so-called carrier range. Based on this method, we generate the UD ambiguity-fixed orbit and clock products for the Wuhan Innovation Application Center (IAC) of the International GNSS Monitoring and Assessment System (iGMAS). One-year observations in 2020 from 150 stations are employed to investigate performance of orbit and clock products. Notably, the UD Ambiguity Resolution (AR) yields more resolved integer ambiguities than the traditional DD AR, scaling up to 9%, attributable to its avoidance of station baseline formation. Benefiting from the removal of ambiguity parameters, the computational efficiency of parameter estimation undergoes a substantial 70% improvement. Compared with the float solution, the orbit consistencies of UD AR solution achieve the accuracy of 1.9, 5.2, 2.8, 2.1, and 2.7 cm for GPS, BeiDou-2 Navigation Satellite System (BDS-2), BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3), Galileo, and GLONASS satellites respectively, reflecting enhancements of 40%, 24%, 54%, 34%, and 42%. Moreover, the standard deviations of Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) residuals are spanning 2.5–3.5 cm, underscoring a comparable accuracy to the DD AR solution, with discrepancies below 5%. A notable advantage of UD AR lies in its capability to produce the Integer Recovered Clock (IRC), facilitating Precise Point Positioning (PPP) AR without requiring additional Uncalibrated Phase Delay (UPD) products. To assess the performance of quad-system kinematic PPP based on IRC, a network comprising 120 stations is utilized. In comparison to the float solution, the IRC-based PPP AR accelerates convergence time by 31% and enhance positioning accuracy in the east component by 54%.