date: 2021-09-23T13:54:54Z pdf:PDFVersion: 1.7 pdf:docinfo:title: Diagnostics of Es Layer Scintillation Observations Using FS3/COSMIC Data: Dependence on Sampling Spatial Scale xmp:CreatorTool: LaTeX with hyperref dc:description: The basic theory and experimental results of amplitude scintillation from GPS/GNSS radio occultation (RO) observations on sporadic E (Es) layers are reported in this study. Considering an Es layer to be not a ?thin? irregularity slab on limb viewing, we characterized the corresponding electron density fluctuations as a power-law function and applied the Ryton approximation to simulate spatial spectrum of amplitude fluctuations. The scintillation index S4 and normalized signal amplitude standard deviation S2 are calculated depending on the sampling spatial scale. The theoretical results show that both S4 and S2 values become saturated when the sampling spatial scale is less than the first Fresnel zone (FFZ), and S4 and S2 values could be underestimated and approximately proportional to the logarithm of sampled spatial wave numbers up to the FFZ wave number. This was verified by experimental analyses using the 50 Hz and de-sampled FormoSat-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (FS3/COSMIC) GPS RO data in the cases of weak, moderate, and strong scintillations. The results show that the measured S2 and S4 values have a very high correlation coefficient of >0.97 and a ratio of ~0.5 under both complete and undersampling conditions, and complete S4 and S2 values can be derived by dividing the measured undersampling S4 and S2 values by a factor of 0.8 when using 1-Hz RO data. Keywords: ionospheric scintillation; ionospheric Es layer; GPS/GNSS radio occultation observation; COSMIC access_permission:modify_annotations: true access_permission:can_print_degraded: true subject: The basic theory and experimental results of amplitude scintillation from GPS/GNSS radio occultation (RO) observations on sporadic E (Es) layers are reported in this study. Considering an Es layer to be not a ?thin? irregularity slab on limb viewing, we characterized the corresponding electron density fluctuations as a power-law function and applied the Ryton approximation to simulate spatial spectrum of amplitude fluctuations. The scintillation index S4 and normalized signal amplitude standard deviation S2 are calculated depending on the sampling spatial scale. The theoretical results show that both S4 and S2 values become saturated when the sampling spatial scale is less than the first Fresnel zone (FFZ), and S4 and S2 values could be underestimated and approximately proportional to the logarithm of sampled spatial wave numbers up to the FFZ wave number. This was verified by experimental analyses using the 50 Hz and de-sampled FormoSat-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (FS3/COSMIC) GPS RO data in the cases of weak, moderate, and strong scintillations. The results show that the measured S2 and S4 values have a very high correlation coefficient of >0.97 and a ratio of ~0.5 under both complete and undersampling conditions, and complete S4 and S2 values can be derived by dividing the measured undersampling S4 and S2 values by a factor of 0.8 when using 1-Hz RO data. dc:creator: Lung-Chih Tsai, Shin-Yi Su, Chao-Han Liu, Harald Schuh, Jens Wickert and Mohamad Mahdi Alizadeh description: The basic theory and experimental results of amplitude scintillation from GPS/GNSS radio occultation (RO) observations on sporadic E (Es) layers are reported in this study. Considering an Es layer to be not a ?thin? irregularity slab on limb viewing, we characterized the corresponding electron density fluctuations as a power-law function and applied the Ryton approximation to simulate spatial spectrum of amplitude fluctuations. The scintillation index S4 and normalized signal amplitude standard deviation S2 are calculated depending on the sampling spatial scale. The theoretical results show that both S4 and S2 values become saturated when the sampling spatial scale is less than the first Fresnel zone (FFZ), and S4 and S2 values could be underestimated and approximately proportional to the logarithm of sampled spatial wave numbers up to the FFZ wave number. This was verified by experimental analyses using the 50 Hz and de-sampled FormoSat-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (FS3/COSMIC) GPS RO data in the cases of weak, moderate, and strong scintillations. The results show that the measured S2 and S4 values have a very high correlation coefficient of >0.97 and a ratio of ~0.5 under both complete and undersampling conditions, and complete S4 and S2 values can be derived by dividing the measured undersampling S4 and S2 values by a factor of 0.8 when using 1-Hz RO data. dcterms:created: 2021-09-18T08:06:45Z Last-Modified: 2021-09-23T13:54:54Z dcterms:modified: 2021-09-23T13:54:54Z dc:format: application/pdf; version=1.7 title: Diagnostics of Es Layer Scintillation Observations Using FS3/COSMIC Data: Dependence on Sampling Spatial Scale xmpMM:DocumentID: uuid:7ec10a7b-4e5e-419d-bcfc-75353d763799 Last-Save-Date: 2021-09-23T13:54:54Z pdf:docinfo:creator_tool: LaTeX with hyperref access_permission:fill_in_form: true pdf:docinfo:keywords: ionospheric scintillation; ionospheric Es layer; GPS/GNSS radio occultation observation; COSMIC pdf:docinfo:modified: 2021-09-23T13:54:54Z meta:save-date: 2021-09-23T13:54:54Z pdf:encrypted: false dc:title: Diagnostics of Es Layer Scintillation Observations Using FS3/COSMIC Data: Dependence on Sampling Spatial Scale modified: 2021-09-23T13:54:54Z cp:subject: The basic theory and experimental results of amplitude scintillation from GPS/GNSS radio occultation (RO) observations on sporadic E (Es) layers are reported in this study. Considering an Es layer to be not a ?thin? irregularity slab on limb viewing, we characterized the corresponding electron density fluctuations as a power-law function and applied the Ryton approximation to simulate spatial spectrum of amplitude fluctuations. The scintillation index S4 and normalized signal amplitude standard deviation S2 are calculated depending on the sampling spatial scale. The theoretical results show that both S4 and S2 values become saturated when the sampling spatial scale is less than the first Fresnel zone (FFZ), and S4 and S2 values could be underestimated and approximately proportional to the logarithm of sampled spatial wave numbers up to the FFZ wave number. This was verified by experimental analyses using the 50 Hz and de-sampled FormoSat-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (FS3/COSMIC) GPS RO data in the cases of weak, moderate, and strong scintillations. The results show that the measured S2 and S4 values have a very high correlation coefficient of >0.97 and a ratio of ~0.5 under both complete and undersampling conditions, and complete S4 and S2 values can be derived by dividing the measured undersampling S4 and S2 values by a factor of 0.8 when using 1-Hz RO data. pdf:docinfo:subject: The basic theory and experimental results of amplitude scintillation from GPS/GNSS radio occultation (RO) observations on sporadic E (Es) layers are reported in this study. Considering an Es layer to be not a ?thin? irregularity slab on limb viewing, we characterized the corresponding electron density fluctuations as a power-law function and applied the Ryton approximation to simulate spatial spectrum of amplitude fluctuations. The scintillation index S4 and normalized signal amplitude standard deviation S2 are calculated depending on the sampling spatial scale. The theoretical results show that both S4 and S2 values become saturated when the sampling spatial scale is less than the first Fresnel zone (FFZ), and S4 and S2 values could be underestimated and approximately proportional to the logarithm of sampled spatial wave numbers up to the FFZ wave number. This was verified by experimental analyses using the 50 Hz and de-sampled FormoSat-3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (FS3/COSMIC) GPS RO data in the cases of weak, moderate, and strong scintillations. The results show that the measured S2 and S4 values have a very high correlation coefficient of >0.97 and a ratio of ~0.5 under both complete and undersampling conditions, and complete S4 and S2 values can be derived by dividing the measured undersampling S4 and S2 values by a factor of 0.8 when using 1-Hz RO data. Content-Type: application/pdf pdf:docinfo:creator: Lung-Chih Tsai, Shin-Yi Su, Chao-Han Liu, Harald Schuh, Jens Wickert and Mohamad Mahdi Alizadeh X-Parsed-By: org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser creator: Lung-Chih Tsai, Shin-Yi Su, Chao-Han Liu, Harald Schuh, Jens Wickert and Mohamad Mahdi Alizadeh meta:author: Lung-Chih Tsai, Shin-Yi Su, Chao-Han Liu, Harald Schuh, Jens Wickert and Mohamad Mahdi Alizadeh dc:subject: ionospheric scintillation; ionospheric Es layer; GPS/GNSS radio occultation observation; COSMIC meta:creation-date: 2021-09-18T08:06:45Z created: Sat Sep 18 10:06:45 CEST 2021 access_permission:extract_for_accessibility: true access_permission:assemble_document: true xmpTPg:NPages: 14 Creation-Date: 2021-09-18T08:06:45Z access_permission:extract_content: true access_permission:can_print: true meta:keyword: ionospheric scintillation; ionospheric Es layer; GPS/GNSS radio occultation observation; COSMIC Author: Lung-Chih Tsai, Shin-Yi Su, Chao-Han Liu, Harald Schuh, Jens Wickert and Mohamad Mahdi Alizadeh producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 access_permission:can_modify: true pdf:docinfo:producer: pdfTeX-1.40.21 pdf:docinfo:created: 2021-09-18T08:06:45Z