date: 2024-05-24T09:44:49Z pdf:PDFVersion: 1.7 pdf:docinfo:title: Advancing Accuracy in Sea Level Estimation with GNSS-R: A Fusion of LSTM-DNN-Based Deep Learning and SNR Residual Sequences xmp:CreatorTool: LaTeX with hyperref Keywords: LSTM-DNN; SNR; GNSS-R; different elevation angles; sea level height access_permission:modify_annotations: true access_permission:can_print_degraded: true subject: The global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique has shown promise in retrieving sea levels using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data. However, its accuracy and performance are often limited compared to conventional tide gauges, particularly due to constraints in satellite elevation angles. To address these limitations, we propose a methodology integrating Long Short-Term Memory Deep Neural Networks (LSTM-DNN) models, utilising SNR residual sequences as key feature inputs. Our study focuses on the SC02 station, examining elevation angles ranging from 5 to 10, 5 to 15, and 5 to 20. Results reveal notable reductions in root mean square errors (RMSE) of 2.855%, 17.519%, and 15.756%, respectively, showcasing improvements in accuracy across varying elevation angles. Of particular significance is the enhancement in precision observed at higher elevation angles. This underscores the valuable contribution of our approach to nearshore sea level wave height retrieval, promising advancements in the GNSS-R technique. dc:creator: Yuan Hu, Aodong Tian, Qingyun Yan, Wei Liu, Jens Wickert and Xintai Yuan dcterms:created: 2024-05-24T09:39:40Z Last-Modified: 2024-05-24T09:44:49Z dcterms:modified: 2024-05-24T09:44:49Z dc:format: application/pdf; version=1.7 title: Advancing Accuracy in Sea Level Estimation with GNSS-R: A Fusion of LSTM-DNN-Based Deep Learning and SNR Residual Sequences Last-Save-Date: 2024-05-24T09:44:49Z pdf:docinfo:creator_tool: LaTeX with hyperref access_permission:fill_in_form: true pdf:docinfo:keywords: LSTM-DNN; SNR; GNSS-R; different elevation angles; sea level height pdf:docinfo:modified: 2024-05-24T09:44:49Z meta:save-date: 2024-05-24T09:44:49Z pdf:encrypted: false dc:title: Advancing Accuracy in Sea Level Estimation with GNSS-R: A Fusion of LSTM-DNN-Based Deep Learning and SNR Residual Sequences modified: 2024-05-24T09:44:49Z cp:subject: The global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique has shown promise in retrieving sea levels using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data. However, its accuracy and performance are often limited compared to conventional tide gauges, particularly due to constraints in satellite elevation angles. To address these limitations, we propose a methodology integrating Long Short-Term Memory Deep Neural Networks (LSTM-DNN) models, utilising SNR residual sequences as key feature inputs. Our study focuses on the SC02 station, examining elevation angles ranging from 5 to 10, 5 to 15, and 5 to 20. Results reveal notable reductions in root mean square errors (RMSE) of 2.855%, 17.519%, and 15.756%, respectively, showcasing improvements in accuracy across varying elevation angles. Of particular significance is the enhancement in precision observed at higher elevation angles. This underscores the valuable contribution of our approach to nearshore sea level wave height retrieval, promising advancements in the GNSS-R technique. pdf:docinfo:subject: The global navigation satellite system reflectometry (GNSS-R) technique has shown promise in retrieving sea levels using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data. However, its accuracy and performance are often limited compared to conventional tide gauges, particularly due to constraints in satellite elevation angles. To address these limitations, we propose a methodology integrating Long Short-Term Memory Deep Neural Networks (LSTM-DNN) models, utilising SNR residual sequences as key feature inputs. Our study focuses on the SC02 station, examining elevation angles ranging from 5 to 10, 5 to 15, and 5 to 20. Results reveal notable reductions in root mean square errors (RMSE) of 2.855%, 17.519%, and 15.756%, respectively, showcasing improvements in accuracy across varying elevation angles. Of particular significance is the enhancement in precision observed at higher elevation angles. This underscores the valuable contribution of our approach to nearshore sea level wave height retrieval, promising advancements in the GNSS-R technique. Content-Type: application/pdf pdf:docinfo:creator: Yuan Hu, Aodong Tian, Qingyun Yan, Wei Liu, Jens Wickert and Xintai Yuan X-Parsed-By: org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser creator: Yuan Hu, Aodong Tian, Qingyun Yan, Wei Liu, Jens Wickert and Xintai Yuan meta:author: Yuan Hu, Aodong Tian, Qingyun Yan, Wei Liu, Jens Wickert and Xintai Yuan dc:subject: LSTM-DNN; SNR; GNSS-R; different elevation angles; sea level height meta:creation-date: 2024-05-24T09:39:40Z created: Fri May 24 11:39:40 CEST 2024 access_permission:extract_for_accessibility: true access_permission:assemble_document: true xmpTPg:NPages: 17 Creation-Date: 2024-05-24T09:39:40Z access_permission:extract_content: true access_permission:can_print: true meta:keyword: LSTM-DNN; SNR; GNSS-R; different elevation angles; sea level height Author: Yuan Hu, Aodong Tian, Qingyun Yan, Wei Liu, Jens Wickert and Xintai Yuan producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 access_permission:can_modify: true pdf:docinfo:producer: pdfTeX-1.40.25 pdf:docinfo:created: 2024-05-24T09:39:40Z