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Abstract:
Two main methods used in the study of the Es layer are ground-based measurements and satellite observations. In this study, we compare mid- and low-latitude Es layer observations of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC radio occultation with those recorded in ground-based digisonde stations. For this purpose, we have used a 2° latitude x 5° longitude grid around ionosonde sites, and compared ionosonde Es recording with GNSS radio occultation measurements of the Es layer within that grid.
Es layer measurements of a multi-year radio occultation data set has been compared with conjunction Es recordings from six ionosonde stations in mid and low latitudes. It has been found that in more than 20% of cases Es layers detected by those two methods do not agree. The spatial and temporal dependence of their agreement has been discussed. This study suggests that Es layer recordings using ground-based ionosonde observations has the best agreement with the Es layers measured by radio occultation data during daytime and local summers.
