Item

Abstract

Microwave signals passing through the troposphere are delayed by refraction. Its high variations, both in time and space, are caused mainly by water vapor. The tropospheric delay used to be considered only as a source of error that needed to be removed. Nowadays, these delays are also a source of interest, for example, tropospheric delays or integrated water vapor information are being assimilated into nowcasting or numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Moreover, long time series of tropospheric observations have become an important source of information for climate studies. On the other hand, the meteorological data is supporting the space-geodetic community by providing models that can be used to reduce the troposphere impact on the signal propagation. There are several ways of observing the troposphere, especially considering water vapor. First one are the classical meteorological: in-situ measurements, radiosondes or radiometers, from which we can sense directly the amount of water vapor. Another, indirect way of observing the water vapor distribution is by using the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). This method is called GNSS meteorology. Other microwave techniques such as Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) or space-based Radio Occultations (RO) can also be used in a similar way to GNSS. This contribution presents an overview of the troposphere sensing techniques with examples of their applications. We present a multi-comparison of the tropospheric products, i.e. refractivity, tropospheric delays in zenith and slant directions and integrated water vapor. The integration of the different data sources often leads to an improved accuracy of the tropospheric products but requires a careful preparation of data. The combination of the data sources allows for using techniques of complementary properties, for example InSAR with very high spatial resolution with GNSS observations of high temporal resolution. With the emergence of new technologies, some traditional ways of tropospheric measurements can be augmented with the new methods. For example, we have tested meteo-drones as an alternative to radiosondes. The comparisons with GNSS data shows a good agreement of the drone and microwave data, even better than with radiosondes.