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MERMAID Autonomous Drifting Instruments Capture Sustained and Coherent Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’apai Eruptive Signals Propagating Across the South Pacific

Authors

Simon,  Joel D.
IUGG 2023, General Assemblies, 1 General, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), External Organizations;

Simons,  Frederik J.
IUGG 2023, General Assemblies, 1 General, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), External Organizations;

Irving,  Jessica
IUGG 2023, General Assemblies, 1 General, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), External Organizations;

Yu,  Yong
IUGG 2023, General Assemblies, 1 General, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), External Organizations;

Obayashi,  Masayuki
IUGG 2023, General Assemblies, 1 General, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), External Organizations;

Ahern,  Tim
IUGG 2023, General Assemblies, 1 General, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), External Organizations;

The EarthScope-Oceans Consortium,  The EarthScope-Oceans Consortium
IUGG 2023, General Assemblies, 1 General, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), External Organizations;

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Citation

Simon, J. D., Simons, F. J., Irving, J., Yu, Y., Obayashi, M., Ahern, T., The EarthScope-Oceans Consortium, T.-E.-O.-C. (2023): MERMAID Autonomous Drifting Instruments Capture Sustained and Coherent Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’apai Eruptive Signals Propagating Across the South Pacific, XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) (Berlin 2023).
https://doi.org/10.57757/IUGG23-3728


Cite as: https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_5020815
Abstract
More than two dozen MERMAIDs floating in the South Pacific recorded the hydro- and seismo-acoustic signals excited by the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga Hunga Ha’apai eruption. MERMAID, short for Mobile Earthquake Recording in Marine Areas by Independent Divers, is an oceanic mid-column float designed to autonomously record and report high-frequency (~1 Hz) teleseismic P waves useful for global tomography. MERMAID is a diver: it records acoustic data streams via its hydrophone at depth and surfaces roughly once a week to transmit those data via satellite. Its algorithms prioritize the isolation of short (minutes-long) data segments containing P waves. However, MERMAID's data buffer remains retrievable via two-way Iridium communication for one year. We made first-of-their kind multi-hour requests to capture the eruptive process recorded across the South Pacific Plume Imaging and Modeling array. We primarily focus on the high-frequency (5+ Hz) T-wave signals, broadly described as a double-peaked onset followed by a sustained high-SNR ``rumble'' lasting roughly 30 minutes. Many MERMAIDs across the array — at varied distances and backazimuths — exhibit high correlations of this main wave packet, however some do not. We investigate the reasons for intra-array variability in the shape and amplitude of the main wave packet, with particular emphasis given to understanding the role of bathymetry. Finally we discuss the public MERMAID data set currently available through EarthScope, and their accompanying new metadata standard called GeoCSV, which was recently approved for implementation by the FDSN Working Group 5 to track our, and other, moving seismometers.