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Abstract

Fumaroles are hydrothermal manifestations commonly associated with active volcanoes. The dynamics of fumaroles are affected by interactions with internal and external factors, however, hazardous access and corrosive gases have so far limited successful case studies. In this study we report and discuss the results of continuous thermal monitoring carried out on three high temperature (> 250 °C) fumaroles at the Lastarria volcano Chile, together with simultaneously measured meteorological parameters from December 2013 to March 2016. In addition, the dynamic pressure and the CO2 concentration were recorded in a fourth vent. The investigated sites are located in the largest and most dominant fumarole field which developed in a fracture system on the north-west flank of the volcanic edifice. We detect external factors controlling the fumarole temperature and the dynamic gas pressure, for a better understanding of changes in these parameters and, consequently, to improve the evaluation of volcanic and hydrothermal activity. Selected fumaroles showed a continuous decrease in temperature, or remained unbiased from this trend showing that the influence of external effects on outlet temperature is strongly site dependent. But generally, significant decreases in all vent temperatures can be observed in response to intensive precipitation. Diurnal variations occur only in the coolest fourth fumarole, where gas temperature, gas pressure and CO2 concentration are inversely correlated with atmospheric pressure. Small barometric pressure reductions account for an increase in mass flow subsequently resulting in a higher temperature and CO2 concentration. The temperatures and thermodynamic properties of the fumarolic gas and infiltrated precipitation water were used to calculate the amount of discharging gas from the investigated field with about 67 × 106 m3 per day which is equivalent to 3545 tons.