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Journal Article

The number of tree species on Earth

Authors

Cazzolla Gatti,  Roberto
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Reich,  Peter B.
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Gamarra,  Javier G. P.
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Crowther,  Tom
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Hui,  Cang
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Morera,  Albert
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Bastin,  Jean-Francois
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de-Miguel,  Sergio
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Nabuurs,  Gert-Jan
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Svenning,  Jens-Christian
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Serra-Diaz,  Josep M.
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Merow,  Cory
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Enquist,  Brian
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Kamenetsky,  Maria
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Lee,  Junho
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Zhu,  Jun
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Fang,  Jinyun
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Jacobs,  Douglass F.
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Pijanowski,  Bryan
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Banerjee,  Arindam
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Giaquinto,  Robert A.
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Alberti,  Giorgio
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Almeyda Zambrano,  Angelica Maria
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Alvarez-Davila,  Esteban
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Araujo-Murakami,  Alejandro
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Avitabile,  Valerio
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Aymard,  Gerardo A.
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Balazy,  Radomir
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Baraloto,  Chris
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Barroso,  Jorcely G.
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Bastian,  Meredith L.
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Birnbaum,  Philippe
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Bitariho,  Robert
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Bogaert,  Jan
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Bongers,  Frans
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Bouriaud,  Olivier
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Brancalion,  Pedro H. S.
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Brearley,  Francis Q.
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Broadbent,  Eben North
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Bussotti,  Filippo
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Castro da Silva,  Wendeson
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César,  Ricardo Gomes
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Češljar,  Goran
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Chama Moscoso,  Víctor
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Chen,  Han Y. H.
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Cienciala,  Emil
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Clark,  Connie J.
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Coomes,  David A.
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Dayanandan,  Selvadurai
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Decuyper,  Mathieu
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Dee,  Laura E.
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Del Aguila Pasquel,  Jhon
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Derroire,  Géraldine
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Djuikouo,  Marie Noel Kamdem
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Van Do,  Tran
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Dolezal,  Jiri
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Đorđević,  Ilija Đ.
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Engel,  Julien
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Fayle,  Tom M.
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Feldpausch,  Ted R.
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Fridman,  Jonas K.
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Harris,  David J.
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Hemp,  Andreas
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Hengeveld,  Geerten
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Herault,  Bruno
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/persons/resource/herold

Herold,  Martin
1.4 Remote Sensing, 1.0 Geodesy, Departments, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum;

Ibanez,  Thomas
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Jagodzinski,  Andrzej M.
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Jaroszewicz,  Bogdan
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Jeffery,  Kathryn J.
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Johannsen,  Vivian Kvist
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Jucker,  Tommaso
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Kangur,  Ahto
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Karminov,  Victor N.
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Kartawinata,  Kuswata
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Kennard,  Deborah K.
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Kepfer-Rojas,  Sebastian
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Keppel,  Gunnar
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Khan,  Mohammed Latif
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Khare,  Pramod Kumar
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Kileen,  Timothy J.
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Kim,  Hyun Seok
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Korjus,  Henn
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Kumar,  Amit
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Kumar,  Ashwani
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Laarmann,  Diana
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Labrière,  Nicolas
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Lang,  Mait
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Lewis,  Simon L.
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Lukina,  Natalia
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Maitner,  Brian S.
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Malhi,  Yadvinder
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Marshall,  Andrew R.
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Martynenko,  Olga V.
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Monteagudo Mendoza,  Abel L.
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Ontikov,  Petr V.
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Ortiz-Malavasi,  Edgar
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Pallqui Camacho,  Nadir C.
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Paquette,  Alain
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Park,  Minjee
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Parthasarathy,  Narayanaswamy
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Peri,  Pablo Luis
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Petronelli,  Pascal
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Pfautsch,  Sebastian
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Phillips,  Oliver L.
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Picard,  Nicolas
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Piotto,  Daniel
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Poorter,  Lourens
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Poulsen,  John R.
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Pretzsch,  Hans
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Ramírez-Angulo,  Hirma
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Restrepo Correa,  Zorayda
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Rodeghiero,  Mirco
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Rojas Gonzáles,  Rocío Del Pilar
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Rolim,  Samir G.
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Rovero,  Francesco
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Rutishauser,  Ervan
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Saikia,  Purabi
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Salas-Eljatib,  Christian
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Schepaschenko,  Dmitry
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Scherer-Lorenzen,  Michael
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Šebeň,  Vladimír
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Silveira,  Marcos
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Slik,  Ferry
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Sonké,  Bonaventure
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Souza,  Alexandre F.
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Stereńczak,  Krzysztof Jan
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Svoboda,  Miroslav
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Taedoumg,  Hermann
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Tchebakova,  Nadja
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Terborgh,  John
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Tikhonova,  Elena
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Torres-Lezama,  Armando
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van der Plas,  Fons
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Vásquez,  Rodolfo
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Viana,  Helder
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Vibrans,  Alexander C.
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Vilanova,  Emilio
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Vos,  Vincent A.
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Wang,  Hua-Feng
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Westerlund,  Bertil
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White,  Lee J. T.
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Wiser,  Susan K.
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Zawiła-Niedźwiecki,  Tomasz
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Zemagho,  Lise
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Zhu,  Zhi-Xin
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Zo-Bi,  Irié C.
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Liang,  Jingjing
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External Ressource
No external resources are shared
Fulltext (public)

5009806.pdf
(Publisher version), 2MB

Supplementary Material (public)
There is no public supplementary material available
Citation

Cazzolla Gatti, R., Reich, P. B., Gamarra, J. G. P., Crowther, T., Hui, C., Morera, A., Bastin, J.-F., de-Miguel, S., Nabuurs, G.-J., Svenning, J.-C., Serra-Diaz, J. M., Merow, C., Enquist, B., Kamenetsky, M., Lee, J., Zhu, J., Fang, J., Jacobs, D. F., Pijanowski, B., Banerjee, A., Giaquinto, R. A., Alberti, G., Almeyda Zambrano, A. M., Alvarez-Davila, E., Araujo-Murakami, A., Avitabile, V., Aymard, G. A., Balazy, R., Baraloto, C., Barroso, J. G., Bastian, M. L., Birnbaum, P., Bitariho, R., Bogaert, J., Bongers, F., Bouriaud, O., Brancalion, P. H. S., Brearley, F. Q., Broadbent, E. N., Bussotti, F., Castro da Silva, W., César, R. G., Češljar, G., Chama Moscoso, V., Chen, H. Y. H., Cienciala, E., Clark, C. J., Coomes, D. A., Dayanandan, S., Decuyper, M., Dee, L. E., Del Aguila Pasquel, J., Derroire, G., Djuikouo, M. N. K., Van Do, T., Dolezal, J., Đorđević, I. Đ., Engel, J., Fayle, T. M., Feldpausch, T. R., Fridman, J. K., Harris, D. J., Hemp, A., Hengeveld, G., Herault, B., Herold, M., Ibanez, T., Jagodzinski, A. M., Jaroszewicz, B., Jeffery, K. J., Johannsen, V. K., Jucker, T., Kangur, A., Karminov, V. N., Kartawinata, K., Kennard, D. K., Kepfer-Rojas, S., Keppel, G., Khan, M. L., Khare, P. K., Kileen, T. J., Kim, H. S., Korjus, H., Kumar, A., Kumar, A., Laarmann, D., Labrière, N., Lang, M., Lewis, S. L., Lukina, N., Maitner, B. S., Malhi, Y., Marshall, A. R., Martynenko, O. V., Monteagudo Mendoza, A. L., Ontikov, P. V., Ortiz-Malavasi, E., Pallqui Camacho, N. C., Paquette, A., Park, M., Parthasarathy, N., Peri, P. L., Petronelli, P., Pfautsch, S., Phillips, O. L., Picard, N., Piotto, D., Poorter, L., Poulsen, J. R., Pretzsch, H., Ramírez-Angulo, H., Restrepo Correa, Z., Rodeghiero, M., Rojas Gonzáles, R. D. P., Rolim, S. G., Rovero, F., Rutishauser, E., Saikia, P., Salas-Eljatib, C., Schepaschenko, D., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Šebeň, V., Silveira, M., Slik, F., Sonké, B., Souza, A. F., Stereńczak, K. J., Svoboda, M., Taedoumg, H., Tchebakova, N., Terborgh, J., Tikhonova, E., Torres-Lezama, A., van der Plas, F., Vásquez, R., Viana, H., Vibrans, A. C., Vilanova, E., Vos, V. A., Wang, H.-F., Westerlund, B., White, L. J. T., Wiser, S. K., Zawiła-Niedźwiecki, T., Zemagho, L., Zhu, Z.-X., Zo-Bi, I. C., Liang, J. (2022): The number of tree species on Earth. - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), 119, 6, e2115329119.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2115329119


Cite as: https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/item_5009806
Abstract
One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.